"A fascinating and well-told story, written in a smooth and engaging style. The subtle rhetorical analysis woven into the story allows the work to blur the boundaries of sport history and communication; it is an exemplar of how the two fields should be interconnected."—Sarah K. Fields, University of Colorado, Denver
"Invisible Seasons provides a baseline to assess how much has changed and how much has remained the same since Title IX was passed in 1972."—International Journal of Sport Communication
"Anyone interested in Title IX or in women’s sports should add this book to their reading list."—New Books Network
"Belanger paints an extensive, thorough picture of the 'microhistory' of the experiences at Michigan State which reflected relevantly across the country in the 1970s. Historical contexts of Invisible Seasons allows the reader to witness the fight for equity from a first-hand source."—Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics
"A necessary book in the growing field of women’s and gender sports history."—H-Net Reviews
"The author skillfully uses excellent scholarship about the history, implementation, and consequences of Title IX, both generally and through the lens of a specific institution, as the landscape on which to effectively discuss the impact of rhetorical choices."—Linda Jean Carpenter, professor emerita, Brooklyn College, City University of New York
"In this richly detailed, deeply sourced, inspirational—and challenging—book, Kelly Belanger takes a clear-eyed look at the history of Title IX, from its passage in 1972 through its many ups and down to the present."—Andrea Abernethy Lunsford, professor emerita, Stanford University
"An intricate tapestry made of threads pulled from court records, case notes, oral histories, personal interviews, basketball schedules, and social movement rhetoric. . . . Part social history/part rhetorical study/part personal journey, Invisible Seasons reveals one sports story we rarely hear though it is one that has been crucial in an ongoing battle to level the playing field."—Diana George, professor emerita, Virginia Tech
Description
In 1979, a group of women athletes at Michigan State University, their civil rights attorney, the institution’s Title IX coordinator, and a close circle of college students used the law to confront a powerful institution—their own university. By the mid-1970s, opposition from the NCAA had made intercollegiate athletics the most controversial part of Title IX, the 1972 federal law prohibiting discrimi nation in all federally funded education programs and activities. At the same time, some of the most motivated, highly skilled women athletes in colleges and universities could no longer tolerate the long-standing differences between men’s and women‘s separate but obviously unequal sports programs.
In Invisible Seasons, Belanger recalls the remarkable story of how the MSU women athletes helped change the landscape of higher education athletics. They learned the hard way that even groundbreaking civil rights laws are not self-executing. This behind-the-scenes look at a university sports program challenges us all to think about what it really means to put equality into practice, especially in the money-driven world of college sports.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
PART ONE: Do Women Want the Rose Bowl?
2. Teaming Up: Sports and Feminism
3. Identity Crisis: The Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women
4. Full-Court Press: The National Collegiate Athletic Association
5. Transition to Equality: The 1975 Title IX Athletics Regulations
PART TWO: Grassroots of Change
6. Spartans
7. An Activist’s Story
8. Catalysts
PART THREE:. Students Take Action
9. Consciousness-Raising
10. Fighting Words
11. A Plea for Unity
PART FOUR: Escalation
12. See You in Court
13. Deadline!
14. Can You Play with Magic?
15. Fast-Forward
16. Conclusion: Defining Moments
Appendix A: Guide to People in the Book
Appendix B: Timeline of Title IX’s First Decades, 1972–1992
About the Author
Kelly Belanger is a professor in the English Department at Valparaiso University. She is the coauthor of Second Shift: Teaching Writing to Working Adults.
Related Interest
January 2017